Wild world of bioorthogonal chemistry, Polymerization of glycosylated NCAs for preparation of biomedical materials and synthetic glycoproteins. These uridine analogs represent the first generation of chemical tools to study the functions of mucin-type O-linked glycosylation. View details for DOI 10.1074/jbc.M109.017236, View details for Web of Science ID 000268097400064, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2740463. Shieh, P., Siegrist, M. S., Cullen, A. J., Bertozzi, C. R. Glycocalyx engineering reveals a Siglec-based mechanism for NK cell immunoevasion. View details for Web of Science ID 000280227700012, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2907714. The method was applied to assay for the heparin substrate specificity of a newly discovered human extracellular endosulfatase, HSulf-2, which has been implicated in tumorigenesis. Using RAFT polymerization, we synthesized well-defined glycopolymers (GPs) functionalized with galectin-binding glycans along the backbone, a lipid group on one end and a fluorophore on the other. A ligation modeled after the Staudinger reaction forms an amide bond by coupling of an azide and a specifically engineered triarylphosphine. Mycobacterium tuberculosis possesses an unusual cell wall that is replete with virulence-enhancing lipids. Modulation of PSA expression by chemical means has a role complementary to genetic and biochemical approaches in the study of complex PSA-mediated events. Recent insights into the domain architecture, localization and regulation of glycosyltransferases have provided a platform for engineering their position within the secretory pathway and access to substrates. View details for Web of Science ID 000173078400005. WebPrincipal Investigator. Both normal and cancerous prostate tissues were sliced and cultured in the presence of the azide-functionalized sialic acid biosynthetic precursor Ac4 ManNAz. Cell surface trehalose mycolates are important modulators of mycobacterial pathogenesis and host immune response. Parak, W. J., Gerion, D., Zanchet, D., Woerz, A. S., Pellegrino, T., Micheel, C., Williams, S. C., Seitz, M., Bruehl, R. E., Bryant, Z., Bustamante, C., Bertozzi, C. R., Alivisatos, A. P. Stereloselective synthesis of myo-inositol via ring-closing metathesis: A building block for glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor synthesis. Hang, H. C., Yu, C., Kato, D. L., Bertozzi, C. R. Regulating cell surface glycosylation by small molecule control of enzyme localization, Golgi localization of carbohydrate sulfotransferases is a determinant of L-selectin ligand biosynthesis, cDNA cloning and expression of UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine : polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase T1 from Toxoplasma gondii. Webauthor = "Burrows, {Cynthia J.} The most potent examined, 1-68A, is a pH-dependent, two-step, covalent inhibitor of Escherichia coli LpxC that competes with UDP to bind the enzyme in the first step of inhibition. View details for Web of Science ID 000171204900005. We chemically fused a recombinant sialidase to the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-specific antibody trastuzumab through a C-terminal aldehyde tag. Bowman, K. G., Cook, B. N., de Graffenried, C. L., Bertozzi, C. R. The evolving academic research environment, Chemical synthesis of lymphotactin: A glycosylated chemokine with a C-terminal mucin-like domain. Using this knowledge, glycosyltransferase assembly lines have been redesigned for the production of specific glycan structures using protein engineering and chemical approaches. The results also mean that distinguishing stem cells from other mammalian cells may be facilitated by the major difference in the glycosylation of the cell membrane. Discovery and functional interrogation of SARS-CoV-2 RNA-host protein interactions. The quantitative changes in phagosomal proteins suggested a distinct role for mannose-capped LAM in modulating protein trafficking pathways that contribute to the arrest of phagosome maturation. We engineered mammalian cells to produce diazirine-modified O-GlcNAc by expressing a mutant form of UDP-GlcNAc pyrophosphorylase and subsequently culturing these cells with a cell-permeable, diazirine-modified form of GlcNAc-1-phosphate. This system enables the production of glycoproteins that are functionalized for specific chemical modifications at their glycosylation sites. The lack of a defined consensus sequence for the ppGalNAcTs makes the prediction of mucin-type O-linked glycosylation difficult based on primary sequence alone. Genome-wide CRISPR screens reveal a specific ligand for the glycan-binding immune checkpoint receptor Siglec-7. A., Bertozzi, C. R. Compositional profiling of heparin/heparan sulfate using mass spectrometry: assay for specificity of a novel extracellular human endosulfatase. View details for Web of Science ID 000430563200441. She is an elected member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. View details for Web of Science ID 000255629400034, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2724873. However, N-butanoylmannosamine and N-pentanoylmannosamine are effective inhibitors of polysialic acid (PSA) synthesis in stably transfected HeLa cells expressing NCAM and the polysialyltransferase STX. Because a sulfur auxotrophic strain is the only requirement of the approach, many microorganisms can be studied in this manner. Investigating Cell Surface Galectin-Mediated Cross-Linking on Glycoengineered Cells. The Symbol Nomenclature for Glycans (SNFG) is a community-curated standard for the depiction of monosaccharides and complex glycans using various colored-coded, geometric shapes, along with defined text additions. Herein, we sought to identify other palmitoylated proteins in mitochondria using a nonradioactive bio-orthogonal azido-palmitate analog that can be selectively derivatized with various tagged triarylphosphines. Human cells incubated with N-levulinoylmannosamine (ManLev) process this unnatural metabolic precursor into N-levulinoyl sialic acid (SiaLev), which is incorporated into cell surface glycoconjugates. ManLev was metabolized and incorporated into cell-surface glycoconjugates. Chemical biotinylation followed by enrichment and mass spectrometry led to the identification of glycoproteins that were found at elevated levels or uniquely in cancerous prostate tissue. We also demonstrate that 15 proteins undergo post-translational myristoylation in apoptotic Jurkat T cells. Synthetic Siglec-9 Agonists Inhibit Neutrophil Activation Associated with COVID-19. Synthetic Riboswitches That Induce Gene Expression in Diverse Bacterial Species. View details for Web of Science ID 000172076800007, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC60788. However, anti-HIV antibodies are found at far lower concentrations in OF compared with blood, leading to poor sensitivity and a longer period of time from infection to detection threshold. Advances in cellular imaging and in small molecule-controlled gene expression, signal transduction and cell surface modification are discussed in this review. The endoplasmic-reticulum-localized RNA-binding proteins vigilin and ribosome-binding protein 1 directly bound viral RNA and each acted at distinct stages in the life cycle of flaviviruses. Hatzios, S. K., Schelle, M. W., Holsclaw, C. M., Behrens, C. R., Botyanszki, Z., Lin, F. L., Carlson, B. L., Kumar, P., Leary, J. The synthesis of the azido sugars (ManNAz, GalNAz, GlcNAz or 6AzFuc) or detection reagents (phosphine-FLAG or phosphine-FLAG-His6) can be completed in approximately 1 week. The rapid assembly of a complex type N-linked glycopeptide mimetic was accomplished using this technique. This gene was mapped to mouse chromosome X at band XA3.1-3.2. However, the estimated barrier is much smaller than expected for folding of isolated S-layer proteins, suggesting an energetic rationale for this multistage pathway. Marcaurelle, L. A., Rodriguez, E. C., Bertozzi, C. R. Direct incorporation of unprotected ketone groups into peptides during solid-phase synthesis: Application to the one-step modification of peptides with two different biophysical probes for FRET, Identification of an N-acetylglucosamine-6-O-sulfotransferase activity specific to lymphoid tissue: an enzyme with a possible role in lymphocyte homing. In this reaction, activated sulfate in the context of adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (APS) or 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) is converted to sulfite with reducing equivalents from thioredoxin. Site-directed mutagenesis of any cysteine residue within the conserved motif led to a loss of cluster with a concomitant loss in catalytic activity, while secondary structure was preserved. Approximately one thousand proteins are annotated as being palmitoylated, and for some of these, including several oncogenes of the Ras and Src families, palmitoylation is indispensable for protein function. O-Glycosylation affects relatively minor components of cell surfaces. The controlled integration of organic and inorganic components confers natural bone with superior mechanical properties. The new molecule class may be able to degrade some cardiovascular disease and cancer targets. Here, we report a synergy between shape-generating processes in the cell interior and the external organization and composition of the cell-surface glycocalyx. As part of the quest for new gold drugs, we have explored the efficacy of three gold complexes derived from the tuberculosis drug pyrazinamide (PZA), namely, the gold(I) complex [Au(PPh3)(PZA)]OTf (1, OTf = trifluoromethanesulfonate) and two gold(III) complexes [Au(PZA)Cl2] (2) and [Au(PZO)Cl2] (3, PZO = pyrazinoic acid, the metabolic product of PZA) against two mycobacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium smegmatis. Tastan, O. Y., Debets, M. F., Malaker, S. A., Wisnovsky, S. P., Angelis, N., Wagner, L. S., Choi, J., Browne, W. M., Bineva-Todd, G., Cioce, A., Agbay, A. J., Li, Z., Briggs, D. C., Flynn, H., Roustan, C., Fernandez, D., Douglas, H. L., Kjaer, S., Snijders, A. P., Li, V. W., Bertozzi, C. R., Schumann, B. A., Bertozzi, C. R. Metabolic selection of glycosylation defects in human cells, Polymerized liposome assemblies: Bifunctional macromolecular selectin inhibitors mimicking physiological selectin ligands. Phosphorylation of Rv0516c regulated the abundance of EspA, a virulence-associated substrate of the type VII ESX-1 secretion system. View details for Web of Science ID 000267572000007, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2892333. More broadly, well-defined synthetic glycopolymers enable the integration of glycoconjugate structural and spatial diversity in a single microarray screening platform. A., Bertozzi, C. R., Gibson, B. W. A small-molecule modulator of poly-alpha 2,8-sialic acid expression on cultured neurons and tumor cells. One method to achieve this involves the utilization of a non-natural amino acid by the cell's native translational apparatus. While assays for specific glycosyltransferases exist, there is no generalizable method that can be applied across the enzyme superfamily. Comparison of the photoacoustic signal for dansylamide versus standard compounds (ferrocene, tetraphenylethylene, 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonate, and/or 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) in 12 different solvents gave fh values (fraction of each absorbed 337.1-nm photon returned as heat) from a low of 0.530 in 1,4-dioxane to a high of 0.973 in water. Despite its relevance in both health and disease, studies of the glycocalyx remain hampered by a paucity of methods to spatially classify its components. Poor diagnostic tools to detect active disease plague TB control programs and affect patient care. The optimal configuration of sulfate esters on the N-acetyllactosamine (Galbeta1-->4GlcNAc) core of sulfosialyl-Le(X), however, remains unsettled. Hsiao, S. C., Crow, A. K., Lam, W. A., Bertozzi, C. R., Fletcher, D. A., Francis, M. B. In one step, 35S-labeled by-products are then eluted from the membrane, leaving spatially separated 35S-labeled product "dots" for subsequent quantification. This system provides a platform to study cell-surface phenomena with a degree of chemical control that cannot be achieved using conventional biological tools. The high signal-to-background ratio obtained using nanomolar concentrations of BARAC obviated the need for washing steps. We used mass spectrometry to identify over 70 cell surface glycoproteins and biochemically validated CD146 and integrin beta-4, both of which are known to promote metastatic behavior. A Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer provided accurate mass measurements, and a quadrupole time-of-flight instrument was used to obtain characteristic fragment ions and partial carbohydrate sequences. CNTs coated with these mucin mimic polymers have two novel properties: they can bind to carbohydrate receptors, providing a means for biomimetic interactions with cell surfaces, and, importantly, they are rendered nontoxic to cells. Thus, choice of enrichment strategy has profoundimplications on experimental outcomes. Mycobacterium tuberculosis produces numerous exotic lipids that have been implicated as virulence determinants. This tutorial review focuses on recent applications of homogeneous synthetic glycopeptides and glycoproteins for studies of structure and function. This sensitive assay quantifies specific bacteria in a sample without the need to immobilize them or wash away unbound magnetic particles. Marschallinger, J., Iram, T., Zardeneta, M., Lee, S. E., Lehallier, B., Haney, M. S., Pluvinage, J. V., Mathur, V., Hahn, O., Morgens, D. W., Kim, J., Tevini, J., Felder, T. K., Wolinski, H., Bertozzi, C. R., Bassik, M. C., Aigner, L., Wyss-Coray, T. Lipid-droplet-accumulating microglia represent a dysfunctional and proinflammatory state in the aging brain. Bertozzi is a member of the Royal Society and the academies of sciences of Germany and the United States. Among her many honours are the Lemelson-MIT Prize (2010), the Arthur C. Cope Award of the American Chemical Society (2017), and the Wolf Prize in Chemistry (2022). View details for DOI 10.1002/anie.200806319, View details for Web of Science ID 000266415400022, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2868584. [2] As of 2022, 12 awardees have subsequently become Nobel laureates; the most recent of those is Carolyn Bertozzi, who received the Nobel Prize the same year. Individuals with GeneXpert-positive pulmonary TB were sampled pre-treatment over 60-minutes. The genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) encodes nine putative sulfatases, none of which have a known function or substrate. Grogan, M. J., Pratt, M. R., Marcaurelle, L. A., Bertozzi, C. R. Kinetic parameters for small-molecule drug delivery by covalent cell surface targeting, Synthesis of oxime-linked mucin mimics containing the tumor-related T-N and sialyl T-N antigens. The original goal was to discuss the value of creating centers of excellence for training the next generation of biomedical investigators in the glycosciences. In the first step of the pathway, APS reductase catalyzes the reduction of adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS) to adenosine 5'-phosphate (AMP) and sulfite with reducing equivalents from the protein cofactor, thioredoxin. Here, we extend the IsoTaG approach with the use of alkynyl sugars as metabolic labels and employ new probes in analysis of the sialylated glycoproteome from PC-3 cells. Robinson, P. V., Tsai, C., de Groot, A. E., McKechnie, J. L., Bertozzi, C. R. Nuclear repartitioning of galectin-1 by an extracellular glycan switch regulates mammary morphogenesis. View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.0900717106, View details for Web of Science ID 000264522600009, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2660766. 275, 21075-21080). We show that a recently discovered sialidase family, whose first member EnvSia156 was isolated from hot spring metagenomes, defines an unusual structural fold and active centre constellation, not previously described in sialidases. Proteins bearing this "aldehyde tag" were chemically modified by selective reaction with hydrazide- or aminooxy-functionalized reagents. Individual GalNAc-Ts were rationally engineered to contain an enlarged active site (hole) and probed with a newly synthesized collection of 20 (bumped) uridine diphosphate N-acetylgalactosamine (UDP-GalNAc) analogs to identify enzyme-substrate pairs that retain peptide specificities but are otherwise completely orthogonal to native enzyme-substrate pairs. The mutant and wild-type Mtb replicated similarly during the acute phase of infection, but the mutant showed reduced viability during the persistent phase of the infection. These included proteins involved in the immune response, oxidation and reduction, and vesicle transport, as well as other cellular processes. Glycans can be imaged by metabolic labeling with azidosugars followed by chemical reaction with imaging probes; however, tissue-specific labeling is difficult to achieve. The ligation exploits the bioorthogonal reaction of aldehydes and alkoxyamines to form an intermediate oxyiminium ion; this intermediate undergoes intramolecular C-C bond formation with an indole nucleophile to form an oxacarboline product that is hydrolytically stable. Collectively, these results indicate that the stem region of GlcNAc6ST-1 influences substrate specificity, independent of its role in dimerization or Golgi retention. Classic methods for monitoring glycans rely on molecular recognition with probe-bearing lectins or antibodies, but these techniques are not well suited to in vivo imaging. The sulfur assimilation pathway is a key metabolic system in prokaryotes that is required for production of cysteine and cofactors such as coenzyme A. She is the 50th American Cancer Society -funded researcher and the first woman researcher funded by ACS to win the prestigious honor. For her groundbreaking contributions to click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry, Bertozzi was awarded the 2022 Nobel Prize for Chemistry, which she shared with American chemist K. Barry Sharpless and Danish chemist Morten P. Meldal. Irradiation of cells with UV light activated the crosslinker, resulting in formation of covalent bonds between O-GlcNAc-modified proteins and neighboring molecules, which could be identified by mass spectrometry. Recognized for its roles in membrane tethering, cellular signaling, and protein trafficking, palmitoylation is also emerging as a potential regulator of metabolism. Abnormalities in the synthesis or presentation of these carbohydrates can lead to misfolded and inactive proteins, as well as to several debilitating disease states. The apparent rate constants for the hydrolysis and disappearance of the cell surface conjugates were determined, as well as the apparent rate constant for the formation of covalent bonds with cell surface ketones. Sulfolipid-1 (SL-1) is an abundant sulfated glycolipid and potential virulence factor found in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These values and the mathematical model confirm that chemoselective reactions on the cell surface can deliver to cells similar numbers of molecules as antibodies. We synthesized a series of GPI-protein analogues bearing modified anchor structures that were designed to dissect the contribution of various glycan components to the GPI-protein's membrane behavior. This function deteriorates during ageing and neurodegenerative disease, concomitant with cognitive decline. She coined the term bioorthogonal chemistry to To validate our results, we employed gel shift assays based on conjugating mass tags to O-GlcNAc groups. Notably, PapA3 was selective for trehalose; no activity was observed with other structurally related disaccharides. Stanford is continually monitoring the status of COVID-19, also called novel coronavirus. Previous structural analysis of the oligosaccharide chains on GlyCAM-1, an endothelial-derived ligand for L-selectin, revealed two novel structures: 6'-sulfo sialyl Lewis x and 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis x. View details for DOI 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.04.035. A fluorogenic screening platform enables directed evolution of an alkyne biosynthetic tool. Here we describe a strategy for exploiting trehalose metabolic pathways to label glycolipids in mycobacteria with azide-modified trehalose (TreAz) analogues. Transposon-sequencing was then used to define its essential gene set and identify loci that, when inactivated, confer hypersensitivity to ethambutol (EMB), a drug that targets AG biogenesis. We demonstrate a technique for detecting magnetically labeled Listeria monocytogenes and for measuring the binding rate between antibody-linked magnetic particles and bacteria. This work suggests that BNNTs may be superior to CNTs for use as biological probes and in biomaterials. Ketones within the glycoconjugates on ManLev-treated cells were then reacted with synthetic aminooxy and hydrazide-functionalized carbohydrates. Redundancy of related family members and embryonic lethality both complicate genetic methods for deconvoluting functions of glycosyltransferases. View details for DOI 10.1126/science.1155106, View details for Web of Science ID 000255454300046. A., Shrager, J. Using CRISPR-Cas9 screens, we uncover many known and novel endolysosomal regulators as modulators of ADC toxicity. We describe a metabolism-based approach to the selection of mutants in glycoconjugate biosynthesis that provides insight into regulatory mechanisms for oligosaccharide expression and metabolic flux. Glycoproteins are typically expressed as mixtures of glycoforms, their oligosaccharides being generated by a template-independent biosynthetic process. Issues such as stability of reactants and products (particularly in water), kinetics, and unwanted side reactivity with biofunctionalities must be addressed, ideally guided by detailed mechanistic studies. These findings provide a platform for defining the molecular basis of SMK's role in M. tuberculosis pathogenesis. Azido sugars are fed to cells or organisms and integrated by the glycan biosynthetic machinery into various glycoconjugates. Here, we demonstrate that, relative to wild-type controls, ST8Sia IV(-/-) mice have a 30% reduction in total thymocytes and a concomitant deficiency in the earliest thymocyte precursors. The installation of sulfate groups on the carbohydrate residues of glycoproteins, glycolipids, and glycosaminoglycans is a critical posttranslational modification that occurs in all higher eukaryotes. We used the CalFluor probes to image various alkyne-labeled biomolecules (glycans, DNA, RNA, and proteins) in cells, developing zebrafish, and mouse brain tissue slices. WebCarolyn Bertozzi is the Baker Family Director of Sarafan ChEM-H, the Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professor of Chemistry, and a professor of chemical and systems biology and of View details for Web of Science ID 000272845900011, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2807738. The structure reveals an unusual mode of cluster coordination by tandem cysteine residues and suggests how this arrangement might facilitate conformational change and cluster interaction with the substrate. Under nondenaturing conditions, a distribution of the apoprotein, a 2Fe-2S intermediate, and the 4Fe-4S holoprotein were observed. In vitro, recombinant PapA2 converts T2S to 2'-palmitoyl T2S, and PapA1 further elaborates this newly identified SL-1 intermediate to an analog of SL(1278). The discovery of novel sulfated metabolites in M. tb and related mycobacteria strengthens this hypothesis. Synthetic oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates provide materials for correlating structure with function. This position statement originated from a working group meeting convened on April 15, 2015, by the NHLBI and incorporates follow-up contributions by the participants as well as other thought leaders subsequently consulted, who together represent research fields relevant to all branches of the NIH. Furthermore, the same junctional peptidoglycan also serves as a mechanical link holding the daughter cells together and undergoes mechanical fracture during V snapping. UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase and GlcNAc 2-epimerase are two enzymes capable of generating ManNAc from UDP-GlcNAc and GlcNAc, respectively. To quickly assess the protein engineering outcomes, we developed a new platform for quantifying extracellular alkyne-tagged metabolites through a fluorogenic click reaction. Our observations are the first reported instance of dehydration resistance provided by a membrane glycolipid. In the ligation reaction, the intermediate aza-ylide undergoes intramolecular reaction with an ester, forming an amide bond faster than aza-ylide hydrolysis would otherwise occur in water. The best reagent for this application was dependent upon the specific structure of the azide. The machinery responsible for sulfatase activation is poorly understood in prokaryotes. We observed dramatic nanoscopic morphological transformations accompanying charge-induced chromatic transitions, suggesting that both side-chain disordering and main-chain rearrangement play important roles in altering the effective conjugation lengths of the poly(ene-yne). More broadly, our method will enable the discovery of signal-specific O-GlcNAcylation events in a wide array of experimental contexts. View details for Web of Science ID 000185051300005. The complex and diverse structures of GPI anchors suggest a rich spectrum of biological functions, but few have been confirmed experimentally because of the lack of appropriate techniques that allow for structural perturbation in a cellular context. Sulfated carbohydrates mediate diverse extracellular recognition events in both normal and pathological processes. Using in situ atomic force microscopy to follow 2D assembly of S-layer proteins on supported lipid bilayers, we have obtained a molecular-scale picture of multistage protein crystallization that reveals the importance of conformational transformations in directing the pathway of assembly. The development of chemical strategies for decorating cells with defined carbohydrate epitopes would greatly facilitate studies of carbohydrate-mediated cell surface interactions. Bertozzi holds the Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professorship in the School of Humanities and Sciences at Stanford University. These functional groups can then undergo covalent reaction with exogenous agents bearing complementary functionality. She joined Britannica in 2006 and Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The approach provides a means for studying sulfate-dependent processes in cellular systems and, potentially, in vivo. Three piperidine-melamine glycodendrimers were synthesized via a chemoenzymatic route and attached to human growth hormone and the Fc region of human IgG. View details for Web of Science ID 000090003800038. Ahn, G., Banik, S. M., Miller, C. L., Riley, N. M., Cochran, J. R., Bertozzi, C. R. Degradation from the outside in: targeting extracellular and membrane proteins for degradation through the endolysosomal pathway. In addition, GalNAz efficiently labeled mucin-type O-linked glycoproteins expressed at endogenous levels. Natural mucins are densely glycosylated O-linked glycoproteins that serve numerous functions on cell surfaces. We introduce a non-natural substrate biosynthetic pathway and use engineered glycosyltransferases to incorporate chemically tagged sugars into the cell surface glycome of the living cell. The competitive inhibitors 2-bromopalmitate and 2-hydroxymyristate prevented incorporation of omega-alkynyl-palmitate and omega-alkynyl-myristate into palmitoylated and myristoylated proteins, respectively. In conclusion, the new ADAP assay can reliably detect the three cardinal islet autoantibodies/antibodies in 1muL serum with high sensitivity. This review expression, signal transduction and cell surface interactions wash away unbound magnetic particles processes... Of mucin-type O-linked glycosylation events in a sample without the need to immobilize them or wash away unbound particles... 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