At the Memorial Day commemorating the 50th year after the annexation of Austria into Dr. Viktor Frankl. Frankl believed that human suffering is part of life and that the ultimate freedom of a person lies in the response to lifes situations. This is not the case. Frankl's concept is based on the premise that the primary motivational force of an individual is to find meaning in life. pg 147], Austrian Lives By Gnter Bischof 241 to 255, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKlingberg2001 (, Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 02:08, The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, International Journal of Individual Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in 1938, Great Silver Medal with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria, Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class, Brgervereinigung Landsberg im 20. According to Frankl, freedom needs responsibility; otherwise, life threatens to degenerate into mere arbitrariness. He starts writing the first version of his book The Doctor and the Soul (Aerztliche Seelsorge) [19] Millions of copies were sold in dozens of languages. March 26: Viktor Emil Frankl is born in Vienna as the second of three children. Operating without any training as a surgeon, Frankl would voluntarily request of the Nazis to perform the experiments on those who had resisted, and once approved - published some of the details on his experiments, the methods of insertion of his chosen amphetamine drugs into the brains of these individuals, resulting in, at times, an alleged partial resuscitation, mainly in 1942 (prior to his own internment at Theresienstadt ghetto in September, later in that year). His friend Bruno Pittermann, who has become a member of the new government, organizes an apartment and a In 1946 Frankl became executive director of the Viennese Neurological Health Center and kept this position until 1971. It provided the foundational principles for the emerging field of positive psychology. guilt and redemption resonate strongly with the inmates, and he is asked to deliver a special Following his graduation Frankl starts his medical carreer at the "Maria Theresien Schloessl", a Neurological Hospital in Vienna Eleonore, and a daughter . Viktor Frankl, 1965. He obtains an immigration visa to America but decides to let it expire, not wanting to desert his old parents. The basis of . makes the often quoted remark, that "the Statue of Liberty on the East Coast should be supplemented [40][41] Frankl's founding logotherapy paper, was submitted to and published in the Zentrallblatt fuer Psychotherapie [sic] the journal of the Goering Institute, a psychotherapy movement, with the "proclaimed agenda of building psychotherapy that affirmed a Nazi-oriented worldview".[42]. He was an honor student prior to beginning his self-directed education and his grades subsequently dropped. Finally there is an opportunity to write you. Austrian immigrant Viktor Frankl was born. In his best-known book, Mans Search for Meaning, Frankl argues that the meaning of life cannot be found in external things, such as wealth or power, but must be found within each individual. Francis Frankls Mans Search for Meaning is a self-help manual written by the Holocaust survivor in response to his experiences in the Nazi death camps. [17], While head of the Neurological Department at the general Polyclinic Hospital, Frankl wrote Mans Search for Meaning over a nine-day period. She was a practicing Catholic. https://wisdom-for-life.com/lessons-from-mans-search-for-meaning-viktor-frankl/Man's Search for Meaning by Viktor Frankl (who was a professor in neurology an. [5] He was a Holocaust survivor. (2003). And my only consolation lies in the fact that I can say in all good conscience, that I realized the opportunities that presented themselves to me, I mean to say: that I turned them into reality. Upon graduation, he was hired to oversee a Vienna hospital ward for the treatment of women who had attempted suicide. Forgive these disjointed scribblings but I have to write bit by bit during my surgery hours. At first I couldn't bear to read a fellow Auschwitz survivor's story . Box 15211 Frankl was moved to four concentration camps over the course of three years, including Auschwitz, where his brother and mother died. Frankl spent three years in the Theresienstadt concentration camp, Auschwitz concentration camp, and Kaufering III concentration camp. Frankl is studying medicine at the University of Vienna Medical School and becomes spokesman of the The Library of Congress lists Man's Search for Meaning as "One of the ten most influential books in America.". It is the very pursuit of happiness that thwarts happiness. In 1931, not a single Viennese student died by suicide. In 1944, Frankl and the surviving members of his family were transported to Auschwitz, where his mother and brother were murdered in the gas chambers. Namely, that within the original English edition of Frankl's most well known book, Man's Search for Meaning, the suggestion is made and still largely held that logotherapy was itself derived from his camp experience, with the claim as it appears in the original edition, that this form of psychotherapy was "not concocted in the philosopher's armchair nor at the analyst's couch; it took shape in the hard school of air-raid shelters and bomb craters; in concentration camps and prisoner of war camps." By entering your email and clicking Sign Up, you're agreeing to let us send you customized marketing messages about us and our advertising partners. Trump Turns On Evangelical Leaders For 'Disloyalty' In Angry New Rant. Viktor Frankl, stressed that happiness must be obtained indirectly by pursuing a meaningful life. These include Harvard, Stanford, and Vienna. . "Ennui," Jefferson wrote, is "the most dangerous poison of life." . Frankl spent a total of three years in four camps: Theresienstadt, Auschwitz, Kaufering III, and Trkheim. He left behind his wife, his daughter (who became a child psychologist), 2 . They had 2 daughters: Josepha and one . What we have experienced cannot be undone, it has been, but this Having-been is perhaps the most certain form of being. 10%. He was a concentration camp survivor and author of the book Mans Search for Meaning. In his book, he describes his experience in the concentration camp and how he was able to find meaning in his life despite the horrific conditions. Excerpted from Mans Search for Meaning by Viktor E. Frankl with selected letters, speeches, and essays translated by Helen Pisano. He had also developed his own psychology theory called Logotherapy (Greek for healing through meaning). A couple of well-placed old friends have taken on my cause in the most touching way.3 But no success can make me happy, everything is weightless, void, vain in my eyes, I feel distant from everything. 10%. The secular cure of souls: "Analysis" or dialogue? When at that time Frankl would submit a paper and contributed to the Gring institute in Vienna 1937 and again in early 1938 connecting the logotherapy focus on "world-view" to the "work of some of the leading Nazi psychotherapists",[39] both at a time before Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in 1938. magazine Der Brenner. He regularly attends the meetings of the Alfred Adler circle at Vienna's "Cafe Siller." a cornerstone in the anthropological foundation of Logotherapy. Frankl's article Psychotherapy and Weltanschauung is published in the "International Journal of Individual Psychology". He cautioned about the trend he saw in modern psychotherapy with its tendency to reduce an individual to nothing more than a victim of influences of nature or nurture. U. S. International University in California installed a special chair for Logotherapy. In this rare clip from 1972, legendary psychiatrist and Holocaust-survivor Viktor Frankl delivers a powerful message about the human search for meaning -- and the most important gift we can give others. within a few days. In the infamous "November Pogroms" hundreds of Jews die and many synagogues are destroyed - among them the Stella, his sister, was able to escape Australia. In the camp, we believed that we had reached the lowest pointand then, when we returned, we saw that nothing has survived, that that which had kept us standing has been destroyed, that at the same time as we were becoming human again it was possible to fall deeper, into an even more boundless suffering. For the first time he propounds the idea of a He was a brilliant student. [1] In 1940, he joined Rothschild Hospital, the only hospital in Vienna still admitting Jews, as head of the neurology department. Hij overleefde vier concentratiekampen waaronder Auschwitz. I am so appreciative of seeing this in writing. He was imprisoned at Auschwitz concentration camp from 1944 to 1945 and liberated on March 15, 1945 . We immediately started serving the local Jewish community by arranging Torah classes for children, programs for adults and youth . He and his second wife, Eleonore "Elly", worked together on his 39 books. Dr Viktor E Frankl, author, teacher and one of last great Viennese psychiatrists, dies at age 92; photo (M) . His impact on psychology and psychiatry will be felt for centuries to come. Frankl recruited other psychologists for the center, including Charlotte Bhler, Erwin Wexberg, and Rudolf Dreikurs. concentration camp. . Logotherapy, according to the American Psychological Association, the American Psychiatric Association, and the American Medical Society, is a scientifically based psychotherapy school. Both published his writings on psychology. The notion of logotherapy was created with the Greek word logos ("meaning"). He wanted to express himself freely so he decided to publish it as an anonymous author. His sensibility for social inequality leads him to become a functionary of the Young Socialist Workers. -Viktor Frankl, 'Man's Search for Meaning'. Frankl is promoted Professor at the University of Vienna. Az s mgis mondj igent az letre! Arnagretta Hunter has a broad interest in public policy from local issues to global challenges. Franklin Graham Defies Trump Warning, Says He Won't Endorse Him For GOP Primary. A short time later, Frankl and his family were forced to move to the Terezin Ghetto, also known as Theresienstadt concentration camp. Psychiatrist and psychotherapist Viktor Frankl developed logotherapy after surviving Nazi concentration camps in the . His brand of psychotherapy has been accused of being influenced by his time in the Nazi concentration camps. Dcouvrir un sens sa vie avec la logothrapie (1988) de. Towards Cultural & Developmental Perspectives of Theoretical Ideologies", "List of books and articles about Viktor Frankl", "What is Logotherapy/Existential Analysis", Viktor Frankls Meaning-Seeking Model and Positive Psychology, Redeeming the Unredeemable:Auschwitz and Man's Search for Meaning, Timothy E. Pytell, California State University, San Bernardino. Adlerian movement of Individual Psychology, with its emphasis on community and social reform. Frankl becomes guest professor at Harvard University. Frankl marries Eleonore Schwindt; in December their daughter Gabriele is born. [1] Frankl was expelled from Adler's circle[6] when he insisted that meaning was the central motivational force in human beings. Frankl obtains his Ph.D. in philosophy with a dissertation on The Unconscious God. In consequence, the number Even in the darkest moments, Frankl held on to the belief that he would one day be reunited with his loved ones. He received more than 40 honorary doctorates, published more than 30 books, and taught at some of the most prestigious universities in the world. He focused on reconstructing his manuscript about Logotherapy, which had been taken from him at the first camp. In his book The Will to Meaning, he wrote about his experiences in concentration camps. in which he lays down the foundations of his The English translation of Man's Search for Meaning was published in 1959, and became an international bestseller. Austrian Socialist High School Students Association. [18] The book, originally titled A Psychologist Experiences the Concentration Camp, was released in German in 1946. In his efforts to fight the danger of suicide he is joined by fellow inmate Regina Jonas, Rudolf Dreikurs and other important Adlerians remain lifelong friends to him. Even though he had lost faith in humanity, he never gave up on it. info@viktorfranklinstitute.org, Life during World War II and the Holocaust. Such celebrities as Jimmy Fallon, Michael Phelps, Chris Martin, Emma Watson, Jenny Slate, and Dan . Frankl maintained, "Happiness should not, must . Lectured at 209 universities on five continents. Viktor Frankl jest jedn z tych istot ludzkich, ktrym udao si dorasta i rozwija wrd jednych z najgorszych moliwych warunkw do ycia, ale wci zachowa swoje jestestwo i odej jako cao. organizing a first response team for the shocked new arrivals. [21][22] Frankl identified three main ways of realizing meaning in life: by making a difference in the world, by having particular experiences, or by adopting particular attitudes. Age 16 he began writing to Freud, and on one occasion sent him a short paper, which was published three years later. "What is perhaps most impressive about Langer's reading is that he was unaware of Frankl's 1937 article promoting a form of psychotherapy palatable to the Nazis". As a young man, Frankl was involved in Socialist youth organizations and became interested in psychiatry. It was decided that they would return to Austria and rebuild their lives, in addition to returning to their families. Frankl often commented on the American obsession with the pursuit of happiness as stated in the Declaration of Independence. 355 Copy quote. to a labor camp. This idea didn . The work he does reminds us that even in the most difficult circumstances, there is always a sense of hope and courage. Finally, after friends persuaded him, Frankl decided to accept responsibility for being the author. UNSPECIFIED - CIRCA 1978: Viktor Frankl with his wife Eleonore, his daughter Gabriele and his grandchildren Katharina and Alexander, Vienna, Photograph, Around 1978 (Photo by Imagno/Getty Images) [Viktor Frankl mit seiner Frau Eleonore, seiner Tochter Gabriele und seinen Enkelkindern Katharina und Alexander, Wien, Photographie, Um 1978] Embed. Daughter. Gabriele had 7 siblings: Ludwig Popper, Ernestine Spitzer and 5 other siblings. Gabriele married Moritz Moriz Frankl on month day 1891, at age 26 at marriage place. group due to irreconcilable differences in the conception of human existence [26] Frankl's work has also been endorsed in the Chabad philosophy of Hasidic Judaism[27], In The Missing Pieces of the Puzzle: A Reflection on the Odd Career of Viktor Frankl, Professor of history, Timothy Pytell of California State University, San Bernardino,[28] conveys the numerous discrepancies and omissions in Frankl's "Auschwitz survivor" account and later autobiography, which many of his contemporaries, such as Thomas Szasz, similarly have raised. Frankl becomes increasingly attracted to the The first edition is sold out We all learn from his story of perseverance and finding meaning in life. Viktor Frankl dies of heart failure on the 2nd of September. It was not about individuals who made the ultimate sacrifice during the Holocaust. He later wrote, The only thing that gave me any hope was to realize that there were people who were still looking for ways and means to bring about our salvation people who, despite their humanity, were not willing to destroy us. (Klingberg, 2001) When the war ended, Frankl was liberated from Auschwitz and reunited with his wife Tilly. theme of how to give support and comfort to suffering human beings. In 1947, he married Eleonore Schwint, and the two had a daughter together. Tilly needed to start from scratch because her husband had no job and no money to start over. He studied philosophy and learned hypnosis at the age of 15. The Rebbe's Communiqu to the Founder of Logotherapy. Later in 1942, Frankl was imprisoned in Auschwitz in Poland. They had a son and a daughter in 1950 and 1955, respectively. Victor Frankl was in a concentration camp for three years. Hobbies included mountain climbing, and at 67 he obtained his pilots license. 10%. In Vienna, the Rothschild Hospital for Jews employed a man named Viktor Frankl as director of neurology. He witnessed the murder of his family and friends, and the horrific conditions of the concentration camp. Viktor E. Frankl was a professor of neurology and psychiatry at Vienna University, also holding chairs in the United States (Harvard University as well as at universities in Dallas and Pittsburgh). Over a nine-day period, he wrote Mans Search for Meaning. Despite the difficulties, they remained determined to succeed. The task was not an easy one, however. In the worst-case scenarios, Frankl believed that the most important freedom is the individuals ability to choose their attitude. . Viktor Frankl (1905-1997) was truly an extraordinary person. They had a son and a daughter in 1950 and 1955, respectively. In 1930, at the age of 25, he organized free youth counseling centers in Vienna that successfully combated the epidemic of teen suicides occurring around the time of report cards. Frankl himself had come close to death on several occasions. Nazi Germany, Frankl speaks out against the concept of "collective guilt.". His mother was from Prague and his father came from Suedmaehre. Share this: [29] In Frankl's Man's Search for Meaning the book devotes approximately half of its contents to describing Auschwitz (wrong: the book describes the "small" concentration camps: Kauferin & Trkheim) and the psychology of its prisoners, suggesting a long stay at the death camp, however his wording is contradictory and to Pytell, "profoundly deceptive", when rather the impression of staying for months, Frankl was held close to the train, in the "depot prisoner" area of Auschwitz and for no more than a few days, he was neither registered there, nor assigned a number before being sent on to a subsidiary work camp of Dachau, known as Kaufering III, that together with Terezn, is the true setting of much of what is described in his book. Gabriele Frankl (born Popper), 1864 - 1942. husband. Frankl had secretly kept records of his observations in the camps on scraps of paper and published a book in German entitled. List of inmates who were transferred to Kaufering III camp, 11/07/1944-16/04/1945, Lawrence Langer, Versions of Survival: The Holocaust and the Human Spirit (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1982). za 3. "If there is meaning in life at all, then there must be meaning in suffering. His office is "aryanized", and he has to move his practice into his parent's home. In the USA, Gordon Allport promotes Frankl and the publication of his books. daughter. German-nationalist ideology - on a patient. Viktor E. Frankl was born in Vienna, Austria on March 26, 1905 as the second of three children. Ive been in Vienna for four weeks now. He warned that this void would produce anxiety, depression, addiction, and even suicide. [8][9] After graduation from high school in 1923, he studied medicine at the University of Vienna. Mans Search for Meaning by Viktor E. Frankl. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); document.getElementById( "ak_js_3" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); document.getElementById( "ak_js_4" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Amazons Top 100 Books to Read In a Lifetime. He returned to his home city of Vienna, married Eleonore Katharina, ne Schwindt, and raised a daughter named Gabriele, whose husband and the Frankl's . job for him - as well as a typewriter. 2342 quotes from Viktor E. Frankl: 'Everything can be taken from a man but one thing: the last of the human freedomsto choose one's attitude in any given set of circumstances, to choose one's own way.', 'When we are no longer able to change a situation, we are challenged to change ourselves.', and 'Those who have a 'why' to live, can bear with almost any 'how'.' He also taught throughout the U.S. and held visiting professorships at Harvard, Stanford, Southern Methodist University (SMU), and Duquesne University in Pittsburgh. She is a member of ANU Institute for Climate Energy and Disaster Solutions and is Chair of the Commission for the Human Future. This is the case with respect to my short marriage to Tilly. 10. They had a daughter named Elizabeth. 2023 BuzzFeed, Inc. All rights reserved. Frankl brings God onstage to transform the survivors return into something beautiful in Mans Search for Meaning. On the basis of a lecture series he writes the book Homo Patiens with its central Excerpted with permission by Beacon Press. 8. 7. [6][1], Frankl's father, Gabriel, originally from Pohoelice, Moravia, died in the Theresienstadt Ghetto concentration camp on 13 February 1943, aged 81, from starvation and pneumonia. 10 citations (Page 1 sur un total de 1 pages) < Page 1/1. Frankl famously stated that: "Happiness must happen, and the same holds for success: you have to let it happen by not caring about it.". a clinic for Jewish patients. Gabriele Frankl was born on month day 1864, at birth place, to Josef Popper and Amalia Popper. of student suicide drops significantly. He saw it as a self-defeating goal. in 1930, Frankl gained extensive experience at Steinhof Psychiatric Hospital, where he was responsible for the treatment of suicidal women. See Martin Weinmann, ed., Das nationalsozialistische Lagersystem (Frankfurt: Zweitausendeins, 1990), pp.195, 558. Viktor Emil Frankl was born in Vienna on March 26, 1905. the Nazi annexation of Austria and the ensuing restrictions for Jewish doctors. Es conocido como Viktor Frankl y fue un neurlogo, psiquiatra y filsofo austraco, fundador de la Logoterapia y Anlisis Existencial.. Tambin fue un amante de las alturas, por lo que dedic gran parte de su vida al alpinismo y posteriormente se convirti en piloto. A holocaust survivor is someone who was alive during the Holocaust and managed to escape the concentration camps or hiding places. - Bcs, 1997. szeptember 2.) Viktor Frankl quotes on happiness. He used his experiences to develop his theory of logotherapy, which helped him and others find meaning in the midst of suffering. In 1963, he was diagnosed with terminal cancer. Principally Frankl's 1937 paper, that was published by the institute. "What is to give light must endure burning.". I cannot repeat it. "To suffer unnecessarily is masochistic rather than heroic." -Viktor Frankl. meaning-centered approach to mental healing, using the term Logotherapy, based on the Greek word logos for meaning. Received 29 honorary doctorates from universities in all parts of the world. 7. A fellow student at the University of Texas at El Paso had given me a copy of Viktor Frankl's Man's Search for Meaning. His views about meaning brought him into conflict with Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler, the founders of modern psychology. Jest to logoterapia. The "Society for Logotherapy and Existential Analysis" (GLE) is founded in Vienna He left us an incredible gift, his book Man's Search for Meaning, whose message of finding hope and greater meaning in the midst of suffering has touched the lives of many. [13][unreliable source? Instead, the wicked devoured the righteous, and the evil prevailed. [3], Logotherapy was promoted as the third school of Viennese Psychotherapy, after those established by Sigmund Freud, and Alfred Adler. 403 Copy quote. Nine months after his marriage, Frankl, his wife and his parents were deported to the Theresienstadt camp near Prague. he learns about the death of his wife, his mother and his brother who has been murdered in Auschwitz together with his wife. In the Tuerkheim camp he comes down with typhoid fever. We are citizens seeking to find and develop solutions to the greatest challenge of human history - the complex of global threats threatening us all. Viktor Frankl fdtes som den mellemste i en sskendeflok p tre og havde en bror og en sster. With a lifetime that spanned most of the 20th Century, Viktor Emil Frankl (March 26, 1905 September 2, 1997) was witness to a transformative period in world history. He strives to explore the frontier between psychotherapy and philosophy, focusing on the fundamental question of His sister Stella has shortly before escaped to Australia, On a visit to his parents home, his father showed him some marble carvings that he rescued from a destroyed synagogue. His mother and brother, Walter, were both killed in Auschwitz. His ideas for [6][3][53] Although it was not known for 50 years, his wife and son-in-law reported after his death that he prayed every day and had memorized the words of daily Jewish prayers and psalms. On the contrary, if I had not had this rock-solid, positive view of lifewhat would have become of me in these last weeks, in those months in the camp? . The origins of logotherapy, as described by Frankl, were therefore a major issue of continuity that Biographer Pytell argues were potentially problematic for Frankl because he had laid out the main elements of logotherapy while working for/contributing to the Nazi-affiliated Gring Institute. Later, upon arrival at the He and his second wife, Eleonore Elly, worked together on his 39 books. In the concentration camp, Viktor Frankl survived by keeping his mind focused on his ultimate goal of returning to his family. of Prague and Budapest want him for lecturing. published as Yes to Life in Spite of Everything. Logotherapy is a therapeutic approach that helps people find personal meaning in life. Viktor E. Frankl (2006). Soon after they were married, she became pregnant, but they were forced to abort the child. Develop a fervent love for your wife. Frankl is excluded from Adler's circle. His father, Gabriel Frankl, was a strong, disciplined man from Moravia who worked his way from . In Viktor Frankls experience during the Holocaust, he found that the prisoners who were able to maintain some sense of hope and meaning were more likely to survive the ordeal than those who did not. Frankl attends to the psychological crises experienced by the inmates of the Terezin camp by He also began writing about his experiences in the concentration camp. ( . of his book Aerztliche Seelsorge on slips of paper stolen from the camp office. Szasz, T.S. Frankl becomes director of the Neurological Department of the Rothschild Hospital, Happiness must happen, and the same holds for success: you have to let it happen by not caring about it. Not long before the Dachau concentration camp was liberated in April 1945, Viktor Emil Frankl was seriously ill with typhus and writing feverishly on stolen scraps of paper, determined to . Despite all of this, Frankl was able to maintain his hope and humanity. Frankls most prominent student Elisabeth Lukas opens the South German Institute of Logotherapy, Frankl had gained such professional recognition that he had the opportunity to escape Vienna and was even issued a visa. Letter to Wilhelm and Stepha BrnerSeptember 14, 1945My dears! [55], Jewish relations and experiments on the resistance, [Viktor Frankl's Search for Meaning: An Emblematic 20th-Century Life By Timothy Pytell pg 104]. This year marks the 70th anniversary of Viktor Frankl's landmark Holocaust testimony Man's Search for Meaning. By the time he entered the concentration camps at 37 years old, he had already spent much of his adult life as a psychiatrist and neurologist, specializing in the treatment of suicidal patients. Kako pronai smisao ivota - volja za smislom Viktor Frankl. 1947 Frankl married his second wife, Eleonore Schwindt, who survived him, as did a daughter, Dr. Gabrielle Frankl-Vesely. Viktor Emil Frankl naci el 26 de Marzo de 1905 en Viena, Austria, en una familia de origen judo.El padre de V. Frankl pudo dedicarse a varios negocios, llegando a alcanzar un puesto en el Ministerio de Asuntos Sociales, lo cual llamo la atencin de su hijo, quien siempre estuvo vinculado a las organizaciones juveniles socialistas. What that means, you know all too well. There, the women endured terrible, indescribable suffering, as it was put in a letter from a former colleague of Tillys, in which Tillys name is listed as one of those who died of typhus (the letter comes from the only survivor of the former hospital nurses, such as they were, in Bergen-Belsen). But I have only sad news to communicate: shortly before my departure from Munich, I learned that my mother was sent to Auschwitz a week after me. . A major component of Frankls research is his understanding of how to find meaning in life and how to do so in the face of adversity. Historian Gnter Bischof of Harvard University, suggests Frankl's approaching and requesting to perform lobotomy experiments could be seen as a way to "ingratiate" himself amongst the Nazis, as the latter were not, at that time, appreciative of the international scrutiny that these suicides were beginning to create, nor "suicide" being listed on arrest records. 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