Alvid Davis was working outside his home in the community of Stowe when he looked up and saw the flood waters coming, according to an Associated Press report of February 28, 1972. found that the victims didn't experience the enthusiastic feelings because the disaster was so much greater, and . should not be material in relation to [Pittstons] consolidated financial position.. For many, Eriksons book became a definitive take on Buffalo Creek, as well as Appalachian culture as a whole. At a protest meeting held in the Buffalo Grade School in Accoville a month after the flood, an older woman stood up and shouted out: Ive lived up at the top of the hollow for a long time. In the year 2000, increased attention was focused on the regulation of coal waste impoundments following a failure near Inez, Kentucky. Somewhere along there I lost that boy of mine. For additional stories at this website on the history of coal and coal mining, see for example, the following: Thanks for visiting and if you like what you find here, please. flood the people will already have their coffins Congressman Ken Hechler (D-WV)), who also came to the area on Sunday, February 27th, told reporters that the U.S. Bureau of Mines and state agencies had failed to demonstrate sufficient concern for the protection of the safety of the people who work in the mines and live in the mining communities. Hechler also pointed to what he believed was a contributing cause of the flooding: As I looked through Buffalo Creek valley yesterday, it struck me again that the entire valley is honeycombed with strip mines and the waste from deep mines so that the soil can no longer hold the [rain] water. Hechler also slammed the coal industrys power in the area, saying, the people are prisoners of the coal industry And with some irony, he added, the only building left intact in one Buffalo community was the company store., On Monday, February 28th, U.S. I just got done buying a Geiger counter and rebuilding it for someone because everybodys getting afraid of Russia right now.. (plus appendices, vol. U.S. State of West Virginia sued Pittston in both state and federal court for the states I teach it. We won't share it with anyone else. 2 gave way, quickly followed by Dam No. Nothing is the same around this place. Contents The buffalo creek flood a sample Investigation Results Long after the Feb. 26, 1972, disaster, the poisoned creek had no life. June 26, 1974The plaintiffs and Pittston settle for $13.5 million. And I aint never seen God up there driving no bulldozer dumping slate on that dam. Her remarks won applause from most everyone in the room. Hall also asked Pittston solicitation of legal business. It later concluded that there was no impropriety. Senator Jennings Randolph (D-WV) visited Man High School, a temporary refugee location for Buffalo Creek survivors. In March 1967, a partial collapse at one of the dams caused some flooding in the hollow, alarming residents already concerned about the structures. make a donation to help support the research and writing at this website, Online Exhibit /Special Collections, Marshall University. Mine Safety Health Administration lists 570 active coal impoundments across the country. Privacy Policy Contact Us February 1972. Destroyed homes and businesses are piled up against each other in the Dingess Hollow area of Lorado, W.Va., after the Buffalo Creek Dam broke on Feb. 26, 1972. TVAs spill was from a coal ash impoundment, which is somewhat different than a mine-site slurry impoundment, as it deals with post-combustion, powerplant coal ash, which involves a different regulatory arena than mine-site or coal processing impoundments. Vicki Smith, Feds OK Coal Slurry Dam Expansion, GazetteMail.com, March 25, 2013. The Buffalo Creek (W.Va.) flood is one of the most extensively examined and longest followed disasters in the psychiatric study of trauma. The state had initially sued for $100 million, half of which was slated to cover cleanup and restoration expenses. No evidence of an act of God was found by the Commission. Rita Colistra, The Rumble and The Dark: Regional Newspaper Framing of the Buffalo Creek Mine Disaster of 1972, Journal of Appalachian Studies, Vol. Saturday marks 50 years since the Buffalo Creek Disaster in Logan County. The Buffalo Creek disaster, however, did galvanize concern about strip mining and coal safety in Congress, and helped to spur passage of regulatory bills on the House side during Congressional debate in the early 1970s. Plaintiffs filed their more definite statement of their damage claims. By the days end, hundreds of homes and vehicles were destroyed, thousands were left homeless, and 125 men, women, and children were dead. October 23, 1890: "Wreck on the C&O" November 4, 1985: Floods devastate West Virginia. April 30, 1974Plaintiffs amended their complaint. PopHistoryDig.com, January 31, 2019. amzn_assoc_placement = "adunit0"; Why Theyve Got West Virginians Worried, YesMagazine.org, April 23, 2015. Arch Moore accepted a $1 million settlement at the end of his second term. 1 & 2. 1912The C&O Railroad build the first spur line by Buffalo Creek. document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Mannix Porterfield, a reporter who covered the events of that tragic day, later recalled the destruction left in the floods wake. amzn_assoc_linkid = "40258c095eb99c570bd3ec58d7f0a3fb"; June 2, 1971BMCs vice president asked Pittstons legal counsel about bringing the total to 625, and $64 million in damages. The first restoration, however, came with the railroads, rebuilt to serve the mines, which were operating again within a week of the flood. But $27 million in flood emergency funds was used in 1975 to build a highway that really went nowhere, except to the coal tipples at the head of Buffalo Creek. - $13 million - Initially asked for $32 million - 2016: would be $65,208,559 (without legal and contingency fees) The outcome for Arnold & Porter - $3 million in legal fees (1974) - 43,000 man-hours . February 26, 2022, was the 50th anniversary of the Buffalo Creek Flood in West Virginia that killed 125 people and left 4,000 homeless. West Virginia has the most with 108. And that same year, 1967, the U.S. Department of the Interior had warned state officials that the Buffalo Creek dams and 29 others throughout West Virginia were unstable and dangerous. Jamie Goodman/Brian Sewell, Remembering Buffalo Creek, The Appalachian Voice, February 21, 2012. Spadaro also wrote the bulk of the states report debunking Pittstons claim that the disaster was an act of God. An investigation found the company built the dam on top of coal slurry that had been deposited by an earlier dam, then more material went on top of that. WV Governor, Arch Moore. amzn_assoc_region = "US"; LOGAN COUNTY, W.Va. (WSAZ) - It is a day to remember for Logan County. amzn_assoc_ad_type = "smart"; April 1, 1974 Pittston moved to dismiss absent plaintiffs, plaintiffs claiming psychic injury while they were physically away from Buffalo Creek during the flood. Access from your area has been temporarily limited for security reasons. The association used settlement money to start fixing the creek. I love it, said Jacob Turkale, 25, who caught a rainbow trout Tuesday. Murder in Appalachian, The Nation, March 20, 1972. By September 1972, the two competing West Virginia commissions one from the Governor, and the other a Citizens Commission issued their reports. I repair Geiger counters. A few weeks later, on February 22nd, a federal mine inspector and the company safety engineer observed the dams and found conditions satisfactory. That summer, Brunty cried in fear with every storm and strong wind gust that shook her temporary trailer. An impoundment dam burst in a coal mining West Virginia town, precipitating a deadly flood that killed or injured more than a thousand people, and left many more residents homeless. 1 filled up with fine waste, then Dam No. They also worried about the mining practice of dumping coal mining slag or gob coal mining waste into the dams. Human relationships in this community had been derived from traditional bonds of kinship and neighborliness. At the time, the EPA called it the worst environmental disaster in the southeast United States. The coal company called it an act of God (sound familiar?). No dollar amount could ever erase for the survivors what happened at Buffalo Creek. The owner of this site is using Wordfence to manage access to their site. If you are a WordPress user with administrative privileges on this site, please enter your email address in the box below and click "Send". United States Senate, Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, Subcommittee on Labor, Buffalo Creek (W. Va.) Disaster 1972, Hearings, May 30 and 31, 1972, 2 vols. million deductible in response to the Dola, W. Va., dam failure. The legal teams on both sides also are discussing a settlement. Young ranks the spill as but one more state crime in a long list of state crimes, a list on which Buffalo Creek is also included. Ben A. Franklin, Flood Survivors Sue Mine Concern; Plaintiffs Ask $64-Million Seek Damages Over Survivor Syndrome; 800 Pages of Testimony; A Sound Like Thunder, New York Times, April 18, 1973. Erikson, a Yale professor when he arrived in Buffalo Creek, is one such outsider, having no connection to the region until he was brought in as an expert witness. A U.S. Geological Wordfence is a security plugin installed on over 4 million WordPress sites. amzn_assoc_region = "US"; 3) was built over Dam No. Both the Governors Commission and the Citizens Commission set about their investigations, and each group began holding public hearings and collecting information regarding the disaster. National Guard helicopters picked up survivors and delivered supplies. Get your fix of JSTOR Dailys best stories in your inbox each Thursday. The result of the dam bursting was 132 million gallons of black wastewater being unleashed onto the 16 communities that encompass Buffalo Creek. The plant was pumping about 500 tons of water-saturated waste into the pond behind dam No. WV. International television coverage of the American Civil Rights struggle was critical in the construction of racial identity and experience in postwar Britain. In an out of court settlement, the survivors were awarded $13.5 million, $6 million of which was distributed on the basis of a point system as compensation for the psychological damages. 3 above its impounded sediment. Everything in Its Path:Destruction of Community in the Buffalo Creek Flood (1976), a non-fiction book by American author Kai T. Erikson, won the 1978 National Book Award for documenting the aftermath of the Buffalo Creek flood disaster in Logan County, West Virginia which killed 125 people and left 4,000 people homeless out of a 5,000-person local population. Click to visit that site. Many lived in temporary trailer-park style homes following the disaster some for years. Nader and McAteer, in a letter to key members of Congress urging investigations, estimated that hundreds of thousands of West Virginians living in narrow Appalachian valleys, could be threatened by sudden catastrophic flooding from unstable coal waste dams. Buffalo Creek Flood, 1972, Online Exhibit /Special Collections, Marshall University, 2002. amzn_assoc_ad_mode = "manual"; Dennis Deitz & Carlene Mowery, Buffalo Creek Valley of Death, 1992. 1942Buchanan County coal refuse pile explosion covered the railroad tracks The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. 3 had been built on top of coal slurry sediment that had collected behind the earlier dams 1 and 2, not on solid bedrock. A Buffalo Creek native, Victor M. Depta, gets at this idea of recurring tragedy in a 1973 poem, written not long after the flood. Three coal waste dams in West Virginia failed, killing 125 people and injuring 1,100 more in communities downstream of the dams. For additional stories at this website on the history of coal and coal mining, see for example, the following: Paradise: 1971 (about a John Prine song, strip mining in Muhlenberg County, KY, and the demise of a small town); Mountain Warrior (profile of Kentucky author and coal-field activist, Harry Caudill, noted for his famous book, Night Comes to The Cumberlands and his life-long critique of Appalachian strip mining); Giant Shovel on I-70 (about strip mining in southeastern Ohio during the 1960s and `70s and the use of giant strip-mining shovels there); Coal & The Kennedys, (featuring Kennedy family involvement with Appalachian coal communities, deep mine safety, environmental protection, and related political issues, 1960s-2010s); Sixteen Tons, 1950s (the famous Tennessee Ernie Ford song and some coal mining history, 1940s-1960s); and, G.E.s Hot Coal Ad, 2005 (a General Electric TV ad that features a new breed of coal miner). Or something else altogether? Some of the flood damage in the aftermath of the Buffalo Creek disaster in West Virginia, showing "mud line" on damaged home, indicating approximation of flood levels for some structures, while others were carried away in the wave or disintegrated into pieces. When the water set it down again, it just flattened out on the ground. West Virginia: Disaster in the Hollow, Time, Monday, March 13, 1972. The Buffalo Creek Disaster 50 Years From Flooding Disaster Strikes Outpouring of Support Recovery and Redevelopment Lawsuits Filed Buffalo Creek Today "A bridge collapses. I enjoyed it when I was small., He said the adults decided that if they got the kids involved they wouldnt be as apt to go out and start worrying about getting on drugs or drinking and stuff like that.. 1972About 5,000 people lived in the Buffalo Creek holler including 1,000 amzn_assoc_linkid = "97ba3d2dfe21cb80a887e1d63f028ef6"; Associated Press, 37 Killed as Flood Sweeps A Valley in West Virginia, New York Times, Sunday, February 27, 1972, p. 1. Some survivors reported homes exploding or splintering apart with the wave's impact. For as it turns out, there are coal waste impoundments, and coal waste disposal methods, of many kinds. The Buffalo Creek Disaster was one of the costliest preventable tragedies in the history of . of 38 West Virginia Coal Waste Dams warning about Aberfam. Senator). After then-president of the United Mine Workers Union, Arnold Miller and others were rebuffed by Gov. More than a dozen homes and hundreds of acres in the down-stream community of Harriman, TN were hit with a gigantic toxic mess. Fact stipulations, exhibit lists, and pretrial August 8, 1972Congress passed the National Dam Inspection Act. As customary each year, the service began with a reading of the names of the deceased by the individuals in the room. Stern asked Judge Hall to help him get access to the West Virginia Ad Hoc Commission Arnold & Porter amended their complaint to add almost 200 more plaintiffs, I told you this was going to happen, he said, I told you. He had voted for Randolph, but was frustrated with the political process and how the locals were regarded by most politicians. case is assigned to Judge K.K. The tragedy resulted in a $13.5 million class action settlement, and led to the 1973 Dam Control Act. Associated Press wire story reporting "400 missing" in a front-page story that ran in The Tuscaloosa Times newspaper in Alabama. To counter Eriksons claims, Ewen and Lewis include survivor testimony that he neglected. 242-246, Appalachian Journal, Vol. motions due. Three coal waste dams in West Virginia failed, killing 125 people and injuring 1,100 more in communities downstream of the dams. The spill covered the surrounding land with up to six feet of sludge. and damage claims. Click for copy. To view our latest e-Edition click the image at left. Such bold determination on the part of everyday citizens demonstrates the leadership that Erikson found lacking in Appalachia. Pittston, meanwhile, would inform its investors that the 1974 settlement that had come with one of the survivors' lawsuits did not impact the company's profit margin. February 25Because of heavy rains, dam #3 was rising 1-2 inches per hour. Judge Hall suggests selecting 4-5 sample cases on the question of liability. They pointed to a 1966 U.S. Geological Survey report of 1966 that had found 60 such coal mine waste piles in West Virginia, Kentucky and Virginia, and that little had been done to correct or eliminate those hazards and additional ones since that report was made. (AP Photo/John Raby), My dad and brothers all were fishermen and miners, Harvey said. Logan Flood Toll 66; 400 Missing, Hundreds Search Disaster Area; Cause of Break Gets Attention, Charleston Daily Mail, February 28, 1972. and highway, demolished seven houses, killed six people, and injured four. Buffalo Creek Mine Disaster: Feb. 26, 1972. They also worried about the mining practice of dumping coal mining slag or gob coal mining waste into the dams. Hall added that he is what is known as a prepper who stocks up items like food and supplies in case of an emergency or disaster. The Citizens Commission found Pittston Coal reckless and negligent and the state negligent in ensuring safety compliance. In 1974, the 645 Buffalo Creek residents suing Pittston Coal settled for $13.5 million, which amounted to approximately $13,000 paid out to each plaintiff. The couple had nine children. Ben A. Franklin, New York Times News Service, Dam Failures Common: Whos Liable for Flooding, Charleston Gazette, February 28, 1972. Stern and Staker begin discussing settlement. A bulldozer slid into the pond and its driver died. 1, No. and denies the motion for the time being while plaintiffs obtain full discovery. The wall of water exploded I dont know where. May 1, 1974Discovery deadline. U.S. General Accounting Office, Delayed Redevelopment was Reasonable after Flood Disaster in West Virginia, Report of the Comptroller of the United States, Washington, DC: 1976. The Buffalo Creek Disaster: The Story of the Survivors' Unprecedented Lawsuit, New York, Random House, 1976. At the time of Pittstons acquisition of Buffalo Mining, Dam No. The sociologist Kai Erikson was brought in for the latter suit as an expert witness on behalf of the survivors. A wall of water and coal waste 30 feet high and 550 feet across burst from the impoundment, and rushed more than 15 miles down the hollow, toward the confluence of Buffalo Creek and the. At 8 a.m. on Feb. 26, 1972, 130 million gallons of water and coal sludge burst through a dam, poured into Buffalo Creek, and violently surged through 16 . But in the valley below, Buffalo Creek ran for about 17 miles where some 5,000 people lived in a string of 16 small towns built along the valleys bottom lands. This mining activity, though in the past, had stripped away the water-absorbing forest undergrowth, thus increasing surface run-off during heavy precipitation. West Virginia Congressman Ken Heckler (D) had offered a bill in 1971 to ban all surface coal mining. Robert C. Withers, The Disaster of Buffalo Creek, Report of the West Virginia Adjutant General, Charleston, WV, 1972. amzn_assoc_placement = "adunit0"; Senator Ed Muskie (D-NH) in one photo, then running for the 1972 Democratic presidential nomination, shown campaigning ahead of the New Hampshire primary. Richard Martin's 2015 book, "Coal Wars". Looking back at the Buffalo Creek Disaster. As the skies cleared on Sunday, February 27, West Virginias Governor, Arch Moore toured the area by helicopter, describing the awesome destruction he viewed from above. Less than a year later, in February 1971, Dam No. The site is secure. Click for copy. WVPB News. amzn_assoc_search_bar = "true"; Debris was everywhere. How much was the settlement? ofBMC. . Aerial photograph from 'The Herald Dispatch' (Huntington, WV) captures some of the enormous damage in the Buffalo Creek valley, showing collection of homes uprooted and floated down the valley, covering roads and rail lines. 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